What Are the Effects of Adding Women to Boards? It’s Complicated.

Why It’s Important to Thank Helpful Coworkers

By Daniel Butcher

Even top performers can get into a funk a work, and workers who usually are willing to help coworkers can stop collaborating. Beyond standard strategies such as promotions and raises, cultivating a collaborative culture that gives credit where credit is due is crucial for motivating such talented, helpful employees.

Academy of Management Scholar Abbie Shipp of Texas Christian University, who coauthored an Academy of Management Review article on how “organizational citizenship behavior” changes over time with Jessica Methot of Rutgers University, David Lepak of the University of Massachusetts Amherst, and Wendy Boswell of Texas A&M University, said that people continuously craft identity narratives to tell evolving stories about themselves.

“The research on organizational citizenship behavior took this approach of ‘People either help colleagues or they don’t,’ not really viewing a longer-term perspective or asking questions such as, ‘What happens if I help all the time and then I get burnt out?’ or ‘What if something happens at work and changes my identity to where I help colleagues more or less often?’” Shipp said.

“We looked at the ways in which some different situations or life cues could change your trajectory of helping over time, and why,” she said. “In terms of practical takeaways, talk to people about their identities and why they help at work and what’s meaningful to them—but also assume that these will change, so keep those conversations going.

“If somebody is one of your top performers today, don’t assume that that would stick.”

There could be ebbs and flows and different events that could—and likely will—impact performance and citizenship behavior.

“When you take that temporal lens, you start to really ask a lot of different questions about, ‘When do people help? How does it change? Is that temporary or permanent?’ etc.,” Shipp said.

“This allows leaders to explore ways to boost the morale of top performers and helpers and encourage them to remain at the organization, continue performing well, and continue to help others, even when things change over time,” she said.

A sample of Shipp’sAOM research findings:

• Subjective Time: What It Is and Why It Matters at Work
• Paths to Retaining Employees Who Go the Extra Mile

“Just Add a Woman and Stir” Is Not Enough for Board Success

By Daniel Butcher

Even at organizations that have made strides in adding women and people of color to their governing boards, tokenism is all too common. Diverse board members can’t make a difference if their longer-tenured colleagues routinely disregard their suggestions.

Academy of Management Scholar Kris Byron of Georgia State University said that female board members and those representing an ethnic or racial minority are often sidelined, technically part of the board but to whom the other directors or trustees don’t really listen.

Byron and research colleague Corinne Post of Villanova published an article on this topic in Academy of Management Journal.

“There’s this idea that you just add women and stir and that’s enough, but that’s not enough,” Byron said. “If we’re saying that the ways in which a woman might add value is that she might have different perspectives or a different lens through which to look at an issue, or she might have information or knowledge or experience that maybe some of her male colleagues don’t have.

“That knowledge, experience, and perspectives mean nothing—they’re not going to have any effect—if people aren’t willing to acknowledge the usefulness of that perspective or knowledge or experience,” she said. “There’s probably lots of other things that are important to whether or not the woman on the board is a token, or whether or not there’s some kind of critical mass of female directors on the board.

“Do people think, ‘Oh, she’s just there on the board because we had to fill this quota—she wasn’t the best person to serve in this role; she’s just here for window dressing to make us look good.’”

Diversity is hollow if it isn’t accompanied by equity, inclusion, and fostering a sense of belonging among members of marginalized and minority groups. Actually listening to female board members’ ideas and suggestions and enacting the best of them are crucial for them to have a chance to improve an organization’s leadership.

“There has to be this real belief among the other board directors that these women, that all of the directors, have some value-add, and that isn’t a given,” Byron said. “So that’s what it means that you can’t just add women and stir.

“There has to be some other things that are in place in order for women to have a positive impact on an organization, especially on something that’s so distal or downstream like firm performance,” she said. “Board directors largely have an indirect effect on organizational performance.”

Sharing Personal Details Can Help at Work

By Daniel Butcher

Chatting at work about friends and family members, hobbies, favorite movies and songs, and the weather is just a waste of time, right?

Wrong.

Colleagues who reveal personal information and what they do outside the office can form stronger bonds with one another and can be more productive at completing collaborative tasks.

Academy of Management Scholar Kris Byron of Georgia State University said that allowing colleagues to learn personal information about you can highlight similarities between you. It can be the foundation fora more lasting relationship.

Byron and research colleagues Ashley Hardin of Washington University in St. Louis, Beth Schinoff of the University of Delaware, and Rachel Balven of Arizona State University published an article on this topic in Academy of Management Journal.

“Even if I find out that you’re different from me, I still know that you’re more of a whole person than what I previously assumed based on the sliver that I see of you at work,” Byron said. “Now I get to see more of who you are outside of the office, and that makes me feel more comfortable in my interactions with you, because I understand you better.

“I understand you more, and I see you more as a as a whole human person who isn’t just a cog in the machine,” she said. “Instead, I’m reminded that you are a real living, breathing human, and that’s really important at work.

“At work, yes, we get tasks done, but the way in which we get tasks done at work is through our relationships, and so having relationships with people forms the foundation for any work that gets done, and so that’s why it’s really important that we have strong relationships with people at work.”

What It Takes to Be a Powerful Leader

Source: Shutterstock

By Daniel Butcher

To climb the ladder in your profession and achieve success, hard work is table stakes, not a differentiator. And to progress from rank-and-file employee to manager to respected, powerful leader might require a fundamental mindset shift of letting go of a need to be seen as likeable and authentic while cultivating professional relationships.

Academy of Management Scholar Jeffrey Pfeffer of Stanford University, one of today’s most influential management professors and researchers, offers some takeaways on that subject from his book7 Rules of Power, which isa manual for increasing the ability to get things done and benefitting from job performance.

“Good performance by itself is not necessarily going to bring you the level of career success that you need,” Pfeffer said. “In addition, you need technical and political skills to have your boss recognize your good contributions.

“If you think about management, and leadership is managing through other people, you need to learn how to interact with other people across your organization in ways that build your influence and permit you to get the things done that you want to get done,” he said.

Pfeffer’s seven rules power are:

1. Get out of your own way: “Lose the self-descriptions and inhibitions that hold you back, for example, the idea that you have to be liked, because, as an executive, you’re hired to get things done, not necessarily to win a popularity contest. Lose this currently popular idea that you need to be quote-unquote authentic, which is, of course, incorrect.”

2. Break the rules: “In strategy and organizational leadership, if you do what everybody else does, you will probably not succeed—you need to differentiate yourself.”

3. Show up in powerful fashion: “Body language and how we communicate is obviously important.”

4. Create a powerful brand: “If you’re perceived as a powerful, effective, efficacious leader, then that becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy—good people want to work with you, invest with you, and buy from your company.”

5. Network relentlessly: “That’s something that people often don’t want to do, so they underinvest in networking because they feel dirty about it and don’t see it as the value-adding activity that it is.”

6. Use your power: “Not all use of power will be met with unalloyed approval, so leaders need to be willing to incur some level of social disapproval. But because most people are usually averse to conflict, it is surprising how much one can accomplish by seizing the initiative.”

7. Understand that once you have acquired power, what you did to get it will be forgiven, forgotten, or both: “Once you have power and status and success, no one will care how you got it, and people will people will accommodate themselves, because people like to be close to power.”

Upon reading or hearing about those precepts and their implications for workplace power dynamics, many people have an adverse reaction. That’s natural and understandable, Pfeffer said.

“Every person should understand and come to terms with the seven rules of power, and most will go through stages: first, denial—‘This doesn’t work in my organization’s culture’—then they will have anger, which will mostly be directed at me, which is fine,” he said. “Then they will have sadness—‘I’m depressed by it’—and finally, they often come to acceptance that this is not only the way the world works, but they can build agency around this.

“My biggest contribution is causing them to see their own agency and encouraging them to be more ambitious and more agentic around navigating their own career and getting their boss to recognize their talents, instead of sitting back and waiting for the human resources department to offer promotions and raises.”

How Organizations Undermine Managers’ Effectiveness

Source: Shutterstock

By Daniel Butcher

Many organizations are guilty of some common missteps when it comes to how they’re handling their managers.

Academy of Management Scholar Carol Kulik of the University of South Australia said that part of the problem is that managers don’t have the chance to practice leadership skills or management strategies and tactics before they have to actually put them into practice leading a team.

“Many line managers don’t get proper training before taking on their role, and as a result, their first thought is the impact of employees’ career-development decisions on themselves; this is a very natural reaction,” Kulik said. “So when an employee comes to you and says, ‘I have this other job opportunity, and I’m going to be leaving,’ it’s hard for line managers in the moment to say, ‘Oh, that does sound like a good opportunity; I’m happy for you,’ because what they’re thinking in their head is, ‘Oh, this really sucks for me, because I’ve made this big investment in onboarding and developing you and now I’m going to have to replace you.’

“Leadership has to train line managers to find the right words at the right time,” she said. “And most organizations don’t make that investment in their line managers. “I know it sounds contradictory, but line managers need to have these scripts available, to be prepared for the unexpected.”

Kulik said that she encourages organizations to look carefully at their line managers.

“I often call them the unsung heroes,” she said. “Organizations have so much hanging on the line managers doing the right thing at the right time in individual interactions with their team members, and I think they’re chronically underappreciated in organizations today.”

A sample of Kulik’s AOM research findings:

• Keeping Older Workers Engaged
• Engage Me: The Mature-Age Worker and Stereotype Threat
• Aging Populations and Management
• Physical Environments and Employee Reactions: Effects of Stimulus-Screening Skills and Job Complexity
• Relations Between Situational Factors and the Comparative Referents Used by Employees

The Gender Pay Gap Gets Worse Over Employees’ Careers

Source: Shutterstock

By Daniel Butcher

The gender pay gap between the earnings of male and female business professionals starts small on average but tends to grow over time.

“It’s so interesting that when we look at pay gaps among male and female MBA graduates coming out of the same program in the same year, the gap is so small; it’s really little initially,” said Academy of Management Scholar Carol Kulik of the University of South Australia. “But the problem is, it gets bigger every year, because the way we usually get people pay raises is we make it a percentage of their past salary, and so any sort of pay gap that you have in the first year after graduation gets a little wider, year after year.

“And women are still primarily responsible for caring for children and elderly family members,” she said. “And so they have these career gaps, where they step off the career ladder for a bit, and when they come back, they never quite catch up on the pay raises that the men in their cohort have gotten.

“By the time they get into executive roles, this gap can actually be really wide.”

Taking a step back, Kulik said that it’s important for leaders to recognize that there are gender pay gaps, even at the highest levels of organizations.

“From the public’s perspective, they say, ‘These are women at the top of their game, and companies are under so much pressure to hire women and have women represented in senior roles; surely, they can just negotiate a higher wage,’” Kulik said. “But you’re talking gaps of 20%—that’s a big ask when you’re going into one of these senior roles.

“I want to emphasize that the gap is big, and it’s really important to talk about it, especially because in executive roles, a lot of times the biggest part of your salary is not in the base salary; rather, it’s in all the discretionary bonuses that you get for good performance,” she said.

“The higher you get in an organization, the more subjective performance evaluations are, so it’s harder to tell when you’re a high-performer, and so we tend to see very big gender pay gaps among senior executives.”

A sample of Kulik’s AOM research findings:

• Keeping Older Workers Engaged
• Engage Me: The Mature-Age Worker and Stereotype Threat
• Aging Populations and Management
• Physical Environments and Employee Reactions: Effects of Stimulus-Screening Skills and Job Complexity
• Relations Between Situational Factors and the Comparative Referents Used by Employees

Pay Gaps Undermine Diversity and Inclusion

Source: Shutterstock

By Daniel Butcher

Lack of pay equity can undermine an organization’s efforts to improve diversity and hurt the effectiveness of the leadership team.

Academy of Management Scholar Carol Kulik of the University of South Australia said that her research has found that in organizations that had pay gaps within their executive teams, as organizations added more women to executive teams, the companies’ financial performance actually went down.

“In other words, the firms are shooting themselves in the foot, as they’re trying to have more gender diversity in the senior team, but they simultaneously have this gender inequality in pay,” Kulik said. “They are sending a signal to the leadership team: ‘We’re putting women on the team, but we don’t value them as much,’ so as a result, the team doesn’t operate as effectively as it should.

“The leadership team isn’t able to take advantage of the gender diversity that it has,” she said. “I’m really proud of that research, because we often think about gender pay gaps as being a problem for women, but our research shows that gender pay gaps are a problem for women’s employers, that when they have gender pay gaps at the top, they’re actually making their whole executive team function less effectively.”

Women tend to be paid less than their male counterparts in the same leadership group, regardless of the quality of their respective performance. Kulik and fellow researchers suggest that the voices of these underpaid women exert less influence on the leadership team’s decisions and activities. Unheard and discounted, the women become demotivated and less engaged in the leadership team.

“It’s actually an interaction effect, so it’s not the gap itself that lowers performance; rather, it’s the exacerbating effects of the gap as you add more women to the team,” Kulik said. “So if you have one woman on the team, you’re probably not going to see that drop quite as strongly.

“But the more women you have on the team, the clearer it becomes that this is a function of gender, and not one person having less skills or less experience, the more it becomes clearly a gender gap,” she said. “And so that’s when it becomes a problem for the organization.”

A sample of Kulik’s AOM research findings:

• Keeping Older Workers Engaged
• Engage Me: The Mature-Age Worker and Stereotype Threat
• Aging Populations and Management
• Physical Environments and Employee Reactions: Effects of Stimulus-Screening Skills and Job Complexity
• Relations Between Situational Factors and the Comparative Referents Used by Employees

A Downside of Human Resource Management Devolution

Source: Shutterstock

By Daniel Butcher

Human resource management (HRM) devolution—leadership transferring HRM responsibilities from specialist executives to managers—is becoming more common worldwide. However, there’s debate over whether it helps employees and organizations or adds too much to managers’ already-full plates.

Academy of Management Scholar Carol Kulik of the University of South Australia noted that HRM devolution is controversial.

“We’ve taken all these activities that used to be the responsibility of HR managers and units and put them in the hands of line managers,” Kulik said. “There’s some research that shows that individual employees have on average two important people-management conversations every week.

“They aren’t having those conversations with HR but rather with their line managers,” she said. “You can have the best people-management practices in the world, but it really comes down to how your individual line manager enacts them on a day-to-day basis.”

Kulik emphasized that managers’ jobs have gotten so much harder. Often, they get insufficient training before being promoted. Further, many are now responsible for managing more employees with smaller budgets.

“Even when they have budgets that look large, because they’re spreading it across more employees, they don’t have as many dollars for training or for rewarding top performers,” Kulik said. “And they’re now managing people on hybrid schedules or in remote environments that they never worked in themselves, so the job itself is getting much, much harder.

“There’s evidence right now that people don’t even want to become line managers—they’re saying, ‘I just want to spend my whole career being an individual contributor,’” she said. “So here’s this incredibly important job, and we have line managers who have never received formal training in people management, because they didn’t see that as part of their the primary part of their role.

“And yet, they’re this critical linchpin in an organization.”

A sample of Kulik’s AOM research findings:

• Keeping Older Workers Engaged
• Engage Me: The Mature-Age Worker and Stereotype Threat
• Aging Populations and Management
• Physical Environments and Employee Reactions: Effects of Stimulus-Screening Skills and Job Complexity
• Relations Between Situational Factors and the Comparative Referents Used by Employees

Ongoing Conversations: A Secret to Managers’ Success

Source: Shutterstock

By Daniel Butcher

There’s a simple best practice for managers to increase their effectiveness: having regular conversations with their direct reports and actually listening to what they say.

Academy of Management Scholar Carol Kulik of the University of South Australia said that, based on her own and colleagues’ research, she encourages managers to have ongoing conversations with their employees.

“One of the things that’s happened in organizations is that so many interactions moved to Zoom or Slack, and these are both media where the conversations are very terse; the communication is very brief and short,” Kulik said. “In a Zoom meeting, managers are conscious of not wanting to waste anybody’s time, so they tend to stick with the agenda, and that’s good; that feels very efficient.

“But it means that you may not be having those chance encounters with employees, where you learn about skills they might be interested in developing or challenges that they’re having at a very early stage where it’s not a big enough problem that they’re going bring it to their manager, but it might surface in a conversation,” she said. “So we really need to encourage managers to have the catchups with employees.”

This piece of advice sounds like common sense, but Kulik said that it’s surprising how often it falls off managers’ radar. Many managers get caught up in other tasks and responsibilities and fail to prioritize one-on-one, face-to-face meetings with their team members.

“Line managers will always say that they plan to have catchups with their employees—sure, they scheduled them at the beginning,” Kulik said. “But line managers have these really big jobs; they’re always trying to put out fires.

“The first thing that goes is that catchup; it gets postponed or rolled into another meeting, so employees don’t get the one-on-one interaction with their manager that could be so important for boosting their performance and career development,” she said.

A sample of Kulik’s AOM research findings:

• Keeping Older Workers Engaged
• Engage Me: The Mature-Age Worker and Stereotype Threat
• Aging Populations and Management
• Physical Environments and Employee Reactions: Effects of Stimulus-Screening Skills and Job Complexity
• Relations Between Situational Factors and the Comparative Referents Used by Employees

Managers’ Crucial Role in Onboarding and Retention

Source: Shutterstock

By Daniel Butcher

As a greater number of managers take on more responsibilities that organizations used to assign to human-resources staff, many could benefit from training so that they can improve the experience of candidates and new hires during the interviewing and onboarding processes.

Academy of Management Scholar Carol Kulik of the University of South Australia said that managers make a difference in virtually every stage of an employee’s life, from recruitment, interviewing, and onboarding to day-to-day work and performance management.

“As a result of the COVID pandemic, we moved so much of the recruiting process—interviewing, hiring, and onboarding—online, and we’re never going back because online is cheaper and easier,” Kulik said. “But as a result, employees aren’t getting the kind of onboarding experience that they used to get where they were in a cohort with other new employees and had a chance to ask questions face-to-face.

“So now that’s the responsibility of the line manager, to fill in the gaps to help the new employee form relationships and encourage them to be proactive,” she said. “Nobody’s thinking about how that line manager is going to develop those skills.”

Another example Kulik points to is at the other end of employees’ careers, when they are considering leaving the organization for another opportunity or retiring. Line managers’ actions at this point can make or break an organization’s retention efforts.

“We know from research that the final interaction that you have with your manager, that one event is more important in determining how you feel about the company than anything else that’s happened in your entire career history,” Kulik said. “And yet, line managers aren’t prepared for that moment when an employee says, ‘I’ve got another job opportunity; I’m leaving.’

“Nobody’s taught them how to respond when an employee comes in and says they’re leaving, and we really depend on line managers to make sure that employees leave their jobs with a good attitude toward the company,” she said. “We count on them to be ambassadors or alumni.”

Another example Kulik gives is managers’ role in diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). She has conducted research focusing on age and gender and how leaders make workplaces to be inclusive for a wide range of people.

“You can have the best DEI practices in the world, but it’s the individual line manager who has to enact those practices,” Kulik said. “Mature-age employees tell us that they come to their line managers when they need a very small accommodation, for example, changing their shift or changing the size of the packages that they’re loading.

“And they tell us again and again that their line managers aren’t very receptive,” she said. “Line managers are used to treating all the employees exactly the same way.

“There’s a whole range of activities where we can point to the line manager as the key variable.”

A sample of Kulik’s AOM research findings:

• Keeping Older Workers Engaged
• Engage Me: The Mature-Age Worker and Stereotype Threat
• Aging Populations and Management
• Physical Environments and Employee Reactions: Effects of Stimulus-Screening Skills and Job Complexity
• Relations Between Situational Factors and the Comparative Referents Used by Employees