The Gender Pay Gap Gets Worse Over Employees’ Careers

Why It’s Important to Thank Helpful Coworkers

By Daniel Butcher

Even top performers can get into a funk a work, and workers who usually are willing to help coworkers can stop collaborating. Beyond standard strategies such as promotions and raises, cultivating a collaborative culture that gives credit where credit is due is crucial for motivating such talented, helpful employees.

Academy of Management Scholar Abbie Shipp of Texas Christian University, who coauthored an Academy of Management Review article on how “organizational citizenship behavior” changes over time with Jessica Methot of Rutgers University, David Lepak of the University of Massachusetts Amherst, and Wendy Boswell of Texas A&M University, said that people continuously craft identity narratives to tell evolving stories about themselves.

“The research on organizational citizenship behavior took this approach of ‘People either help colleagues or they don’t,’ not really viewing a longer-term perspective or asking questions such as, ‘What happens if I help all the time and then I get burnt out?’ or ‘What if something happens at work and changes my identity to where I help colleagues more or less often?’” Shipp said.

“We looked at the ways in which some different situations or life cues could change your trajectory of helping over time, and why,” she said. “In terms of practical takeaways, talk to people about their identities and why they help at work and what’s meaningful to them—but also assume that these will change, so keep those conversations going.

“If somebody is one of your top performers today, don’t assume that that would stick.”

There could be ebbs and flows and different events that could—and likely will—impact performance and citizenship behavior.

“When you take that temporal lens, you start to really ask a lot of different questions about, ‘When do people help? How does it change? Is that temporary or permanent?’ etc.,” Shipp said.

“This allows leaders to explore ways to boost the morale of top performers and helpers and encourage them to remain at the organization, continue performing well, and continue to help others, even when things change over time,” she said.

A sample of Shipp’sAOM research findings:

• Subjective Time: What It Is and Why It Matters at Work
• Paths to Retaining Employees Who Go the Extra Mile

“Just Add a Woman and Stir” Is Not Enough for Board Success

By Daniel Butcher

Even at organizations that have made strides in adding women and people of color to their governing boards, tokenism is all too common. Diverse board members can’t make a difference if their longer-tenured colleagues routinely disregard their suggestions.

Academy of Management Scholar Kris Byron of Georgia State University said that female board members and those representing an ethnic or racial minority are often sidelined, technically part of the board but to whom the other directors or trustees don’t really listen.

Byron and research colleague Corinne Post of Villanova published an article on this topic in Academy of Management Journal.

“There’s this idea that you just add women and stir and that’s enough, but that’s not enough,” Byron said. “If we’re saying that the ways in which a woman might add value is that she might have different perspectives or a different lens through which to look at an issue, or she might have information or knowledge or experience that maybe some of her male colleagues don’t have.

“That knowledge, experience, and perspectives mean nothing—they’re not going to have any effect—if people aren’t willing to acknowledge the usefulness of that perspective or knowledge or experience,” she said. “There’s probably lots of other things that are important to whether or not the woman on the board is a token, or whether or not there’s some kind of critical mass of female directors on the board.

“Do people think, ‘Oh, she’s just there on the board because we had to fill this quota—she wasn’t the best person to serve in this role; she’s just here for window dressing to make us look good.’”

Diversity is hollow if it isn’t accompanied by equity, inclusion, and fostering a sense of belonging among members of marginalized and minority groups. Actually listening to female board members’ ideas and suggestions and enacting the best of them are crucial for them to have a chance to improve an organization’s leadership.

“There has to be this real belief among the other board directors that these women, that all of the directors, have some value-add, and that isn’t a given,” Byron said. “So that’s what it means that you can’t just add women and stir.

“There has to be some other things that are in place in order for women to have a positive impact on an organization, especially on something that’s so distal or downstream like firm performance,” she said. “Board directors largely have an indirect effect on organizational performance.”

Sharing Personal Details Can Help at Work

By Daniel Butcher

Chatting at work about friends and family members, hobbies, favorite movies and songs, and the weather is just a waste of time, right?

Wrong.

Colleagues who reveal personal information and what they do outside the office can form stronger bonds with one another and can be more productive at completing collaborative tasks.

Academy of Management Scholar Kris Byron of Georgia State University said that allowing colleagues to learn personal information about you can highlight similarities between you. It can be the foundation fora more lasting relationship.

Byron and research colleagues Ashley Hardin of Washington University in St. Louis, Beth Schinoff of the University of Delaware, and Rachel Balven of Arizona State University published an article on this topic in Academy of Management Journal.

“Even if I find out that you’re different from me, I still know that you’re more of a whole person than what I previously assumed based on the sliver that I see of you at work,” Byron said. “Now I get to see more of who you are outside of the office, and that makes me feel more comfortable in my interactions with you, because I understand you better.

“I understand you more, and I see you more as a as a whole human person who isn’t just a cog in the machine,” she said. “Instead, I’m reminded that you are a real living, breathing human, and that’s really important at work.

“At work, yes, we get tasks done, but the way in which we get tasks done at work is through our relationships, and so having relationships with people forms the foundation for any work that gets done, and so that’s why it’s really important that we have strong relationships with people at work.”

What Are the Effects of Adding Women to Boards? It’s Complicated.

By Daniel Butcher

Research shows that companies with more female directors can have better firm performance—and this is especially the case in countries that have stronger shareholder protections or that have greater gender equality. In addition, organizations whose boards have more female directors tend to be more engaged in activities that are central to boards’ responsibilities: monitoring and strategy involvement.

Academy of Management Scholar Kris Byron of Georgia State University said that board monitoring refers to the extent to which boards engage in activities that entail oversight of the firm and seek to control managers. Board strategy involvement refers to the extent to which boards engage in activities related to their advising role and decide how firms should compete in the marketplace.

Byron and research colleague Corinne Post of Villanova published an article on this topic in Academy of Management Journal.

“What we found was that there was a positive effect of adding women to the board on strategic involvement and a positive impact on board monitoring, but that board diversity is neither wholly detrimental nor wholly beneficial to firm financial performance,” Byron said. “There is some research showing that when you have more women on your board, they’re more likely to influence fellow directors’ or trustees’ behavior and that the norms of the board changes, for example, attendance gets better.

“There’s this spillover effect that women might have; maybe they come onto the board and they’re more diligent,” she said. “In some ways, that makes sense, because there aren’t tons of women who are in those kinds of senior positions, and so, if she got to that position, then she is probably quite exceptional and especially conscientious.

“Those behaviors may spill over to her male counterparts on the board, and there is research suggesting that that’s something that probably occurs.”

How Organizations Undermine Managers’ Effectiveness

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By Daniel Butcher

Many organizations are guilty of some common missteps when it comes to how they’re handling their managers.

Academy of Management Scholar Carol Kulik of the University of South Australia said that part of the problem is that managers don’t have the chance to practice leadership skills or management strategies and tactics before they have to actually put them into practice leading a team.

“Many line managers don’t get proper training before taking on their role, and as a result, their first thought is the impact of employees’ career-development decisions on themselves; this is a very natural reaction,” Kulik said. “So when an employee comes to you and says, ‘I have this other job opportunity, and I’m going to be leaving,’ it’s hard for line managers in the moment to say, ‘Oh, that does sound like a good opportunity; I’m happy for you,’ because what they’re thinking in their head is, ‘Oh, this really sucks for me, because I’ve made this big investment in onboarding and developing you and now I’m going to have to replace you.’

“Leadership has to train line managers to find the right words at the right time,” she said. “And most organizations don’t make that investment in their line managers. “I know it sounds contradictory, but line managers need to have these scripts available, to be prepared for the unexpected.”

Kulik said that she encourages organizations to look carefully at their line managers.

“I often call them the unsung heroes,” she said. “Organizations have so much hanging on the line managers doing the right thing at the right time in individual interactions with their team members, and I think they’re chronically underappreciated in organizations today.”

A sample of Kulik’s AOM research findings:

• Keeping Older Workers Engaged
• Engage Me: The Mature-Age Worker and Stereotype Threat
• Aging Populations and Management
• Physical Environments and Employee Reactions: Effects of Stimulus-Screening Skills and Job Complexity
• Relations Between Situational Factors and the Comparative Referents Used by Employees

Pay Gaps Undermine Diversity and Inclusion

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By Daniel Butcher

Lack of pay equity can undermine an organization’s efforts to improve diversity and hurt the effectiveness of the leadership team.

Academy of Management Scholar Carol Kulik of the University of South Australia said that her research has found that in organizations that had pay gaps within their executive teams, as organizations added more women to executive teams, the companies’ financial performance actually went down.

“In other words, the firms are shooting themselves in the foot, as they’re trying to have more gender diversity in the senior team, but they simultaneously have this gender inequality in pay,” Kulik said. “They are sending a signal to the leadership team: ‘We’re putting women on the team, but we don’t value them as much,’ so as a result, the team doesn’t operate as effectively as it should.

“The leadership team isn’t able to take advantage of the gender diversity that it has,” she said. “I’m really proud of that research, because we often think about gender pay gaps as being a problem for women, but our research shows that gender pay gaps are a problem for women’s employers, that when they have gender pay gaps at the top, they’re actually making their whole executive team function less effectively.”

Women tend to be paid less than their male counterparts in the same leadership group, regardless of the quality of their respective performance. Kulik and fellow researchers suggest that the voices of these underpaid women exert less influence on the leadership team’s decisions and activities. Unheard and discounted, the women become demotivated and less engaged in the leadership team.

“It’s actually an interaction effect, so it’s not the gap itself that lowers performance; rather, it’s the exacerbating effects of the gap as you add more women to the team,” Kulik said. “So if you have one woman on the team, you’re probably not going to see that drop quite as strongly.

“But the more women you have on the team, the clearer it becomes that this is a function of gender, and not one person having less skills or less experience, the more it becomes clearly a gender gap,” she said. “And so that’s when it becomes a problem for the organization.”

A sample of Kulik’s AOM research findings:

• Keeping Older Workers Engaged
• Engage Me: The Mature-Age Worker and Stereotype Threat
• Aging Populations and Management
• Physical Environments and Employee Reactions: Effects of Stimulus-Screening Skills and Job Complexity
• Relations Between Situational Factors and the Comparative Referents Used by Employees

A Downside of Human Resource Management Devolution

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By Daniel Butcher

Human resource management (HRM) devolution—leadership transferring HRM responsibilities from specialist executives to managers—is becoming more common worldwide. However, there’s debate over whether it helps employees and organizations or adds too much to managers’ already-full plates.

Academy of Management Scholar Carol Kulik of the University of South Australia noted that HRM devolution is controversial.

“We’ve taken all these activities that used to be the responsibility of HR managers and units and put them in the hands of line managers,” Kulik said. “There’s some research that shows that individual employees have on average two important people-management conversations every week.

“They aren’t having those conversations with HR but rather with their line managers,” she said. “You can have the best people-management practices in the world, but it really comes down to how your individual line manager enacts them on a day-to-day basis.”

Kulik emphasized that managers’ jobs have gotten so much harder. Often, they get insufficient training before being promoted. Further, many are now responsible for managing more employees with smaller budgets.

“Even when they have budgets that look large, because they’re spreading it across more employees, they don’t have as many dollars for training or for rewarding top performers,” Kulik said. “And they’re now managing people on hybrid schedules or in remote environments that they never worked in themselves, so the job itself is getting much, much harder.

“There’s evidence right now that people don’t even want to become line managers—they’re saying, ‘I just want to spend my whole career being an individual contributor,’” she said. “So here’s this incredibly important job, and we have line managers who have never received formal training in people management, because they didn’t see that as part of their the primary part of their role.

“And yet, they’re this critical linchpin in an organization.”

A sample of Kulik’s AOM research findings:

• Keeping Older Workers Engaged
• Engage Me: The Mature-Age Worker and Stereotype Threat
• Aging Populations and Management
• Physical Environments and Employee Reactions: Effects of Stimulus-Screening Skills and Job Complexity
• Relations Between Situational Factors and the Comparative Referents Used by Employees

Ongoing Conversations: A Secret to Managers’ Success

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By Daniel Butcher

There’s a simple best practice for managers to increase their effectiveness: having regular conversations with their direct reports and actually listening to what they say.

Academy of Management Scholar Carol Kulik of the University of South Australia said that, based on her own and colleagues’ research, she encourages managers to have ongoing conversations with their employees.

“One of the things that’s happened in organizations is that so many interactions moved to Zoom or Slack, and these are both media where the conversations are very terse; the communication is very brief and short,” Kulik said. “In a Zoom meeting, managers are conscious of not wanting to waste anybody’s time, so they tend to stick with the agenda, and that’s good; that feels very efficient.

“But it means that you may not be having those chance encounters with employees, where you learn about skills they might be interested in developing or challenges that they’re having at a very early stage where it’s not a big enough problem that they’re going bring it to their manager, but it might surface in a conversation,” she said. “So we really need to encourage managers to have the catchups with employees.”

This piece of advice sounds like common sense, but Kulik said that it’s surprising how often it falls off managers’ radar. Many managers get caught up in other tasks and responsibilities and fail to prioritize one-on-one, face-to-face meetings with their team members.

“Line managers will always say that they plan to have catchups with their employees—sure, they scheduled them at the beginning,” Kulik said. “But line managers have these really big jobs; they’re always trying to put out fires.

“The first thing that goes is that catchup; it gets postponed or rolled into another meeting, so employees don’t get the one-on-one interaction with their manager that could be so important for boosting their performance and career development,” she said.

A sample of Kulik’s AOM research findings:

• Keeping Older Workers Engaged
• Engage Me: The Mature-Age Worker and Stereotype Threat
• Aging Populations and Management
• Physical Environments and Employee Reactions: Effects of Stimulus-Screening Skills and Job Complexity
• Relations Between Situational Factors and the Comparative Referents Used by Employees

Managers’ Crucial Role in Onboarding and Retention

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By Daniel Butcher

As a greater number of managers take on more responsibilities that organizations used to assign to human-resources staff, many could benefit from training so that they can improve the experience of candidates and new hires during the interviewing and onboarding processes.

Academy of Management Scholar Carol Kulik of the University of South Australia said that managers make a difference in virtually every stage of an employee’s life, from recruitment, interviewing, and onboarding to day-to-day work and performance management.

“As a result of the COVID pandemic, we moved so much of the recruiting process—interviewing, hiring, and onboarding—online, and we’re never going back because online is cheaper and easier,” Kulik said. “But as a result, employees aren’t getting the kind of onboarding experience that they used to get where they were in a cohort with other new employees and had a chance to ask questions face-to-face.

“So now that’s the responsibility of the line manager, to fill in the gaps to help the new employee form relationships and encourage them to be proactive,” she said. “Nobody’s thinking about how that line manager is going to develop those skills.”

Another example Kulik points to is at the other end of employees’ careers, when they are considering leaving the organization for another opportunity or retiring. Line managers’ actions at this point can make or break an organization’s retention efforts.

“We know from research that the final interaction that you have with your manager, that one event is more important in determining how you feel about the company than anything else that’s happened in your entire career history,” Kulik said. “And yet, line managers aren’t prepared for that moment when an employee says, ‘I’ve got another job opportunity; I’m leaving.’

“Nobody’s taught them how to respond when an employee comes in and says they’re leaving, and we really depend on line managers to make sure that employees leave their jobs with a good attitude toward the company,” she said. “We count on them to be ambassadors or alumni.”

Another example Kulik gives is managers’ role in diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). She has conducted research focusing on age and gender and how leaders make workplaces to be inclusive for a wide range of people.

“You can have the best DEI practices in the world, but it’s the individual line manager who has to enact those practices,” Kulik said. “Mature-age employees tell us that they come to their line managers when they need a very small accommodation, for example, changing their shift or changing the size of the packages that they’re loading.

“And they tell us again and again that their line managers aren’t very receptive,” she said. “Line managers are used to treating all the employees exactly the same way.

“There’s a whole range of activities where we can point to the line manager as the key variable.”

A sample of Kulik’s AOM research findings:

• Keeping Older Workers Engaged
• Engage Me: The Mature-Age Worker and Stereotype Threat
• Aging Populations and Management
• Physical Environments and Employee Reactions: Effects of Stimulus-Screening Skills and Job Complexity
• Relations Between Situational Factors and the Comparative Referents Used by Employees

A Gender Pay Gap Solution Is Within Leaders’ Reach

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By Daniel Butcher

Women working full-time, year-round are paid 84% of what men are paid on average, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. What is the answer to closing the gender pay gap? The solution might not be simple but is within leaders’ reach.

Academy of Management Scholar Carol Kulik of the University of South Australia said that the answer is auditing the compensation system and monitoring disparities within it.

“Data on the pay gaps that have just been released in Australia are company-wide, and what you really need to do is dig down and say, ‘At what level do we start to see pay gaps?’” Kulik said. “That’s so important, because when men and women come into an organization, the pay gap might be really small, but there could be at some critical stage in the future—maybe it’s at the point where they’re getting promoted into that first layer of management where there was a bigger difference. “You have to know where the problem is in order for you to really address it,” she said.

Role segregation is a significant aspect of the issue.

“We know that one of the big problems leading to gender pay gaps is role segregation,” Kulik said. “And that’s a really important thing for organizations to look at: whether women are concentrated in roles that don’t pay very well, are there some barriers that are keeping them from getting into some of the high paid jobs?

“One of the common examples that we use here in Australia is forklift operator—it turns out they get paid pretty well,” she said. “And women rarely apply for those jobs, because many organizations will require that you already have a license before you’re even considered for the role, but if the organization says, ‘We’ll provide some training to help you to get that license,’ we get much more gender balance in applications.

“And then we see a narrower gender pay gaps, because women now have access to roles that are higher paid—so there’s a lot of factors to consider.”

A sample of Kulik’s AOM research findings:

• Keeping Older Workers Engaged
• Engage Me: The Mature-Age Worker and Stereotype Threat
• Aging Populations and Management
• Physical Environments and Employee Reactions: Effects of Stimulus-Screening Skills and Job Complexity
• Relations Between Situational Factors and the Comparative Referents Used by Employees